Responsible partner: |
»Gaec de la Branchette (GB) |
Authors: | Jean-Pierre Lemesle, Julie Lemesle |
iSQAPERiS editor: | Jane Brandt |
1. Infographics and videos
Une courte vidéo a été réalisée par l'équipe du site d'étude du GAEC de la Branchette pour décrire les avantages de l'agriculture biologique sur la qualité des sols.
A short video was made by the GAEC de la Branchette study site team to describe the way in which organic farming benefits soil quality.
Vidéos |
Videos | |
»Élevage laitier biologique du GAEC de la Branchette, FR L'agriculteur Jean-Pierre Lemesle présente le GAEC de la Branchette, une ferme laitière biologique en Bretagne, en France, et l'un des sites d'étude du projet de recherche iSQAPER.(en français avec sous-titres anglais) |
»Organic dairy farming in GAEC de la Branchette, FR |
2. Study site description
Location
GAEC de la Branchette is located in the Department Ille et Vilaine in the Eastern part of Brittany. The climate is oceanic, with average yearly rainfall of 700-800 mm, and with some summer droughts during recent years. The average temperature is about 15 °C, with few very warm or very cold days. In the most Western part of Brittany, yearly rainfall is above 1100 mm.
Main farming systems and typical agricultural management activities in the study area
Brittany is very agricultural and dynamic. Agribusiness is the main source of employment in the region. The main products are cow milk, especially in the department Ille et Vilaine, pork, especially on the Armor coast, and poultry around Morbihan. Beef is also well represented. Vegetables are mainly grown along the coast, and in the central part of Brittany. All sectors are well organised and nowadays assistance is provided to develop short selling chains. The Breton farming is well known for its technical performance and for its level of intensification. The canton of Argentré du Plessis has one of the strongest concentration of animals within Ille et Vilaine. In Brittany, there is a large shortage of cereals and proteins compared to the needs of the animal sector. This imbalance has created problems of surplus organic fertilizer given the limited available areas where they can be applied. Extensive cropping of maize and cereals have created problems in relation to the use of plant health products. The soils in Brittany are subjected to high erosion rates, as evidenced by the concentration of phosphorus in water reservoirs. Brittany is also a popular tourist area. The Gaec de la Branchette is under biologic agriculture since 1998, following several years of intensive cultivation (milk, bulls, pigs). The farm is located in the drainage basin of the Haute Vilaine. The main product is cow milk on the basis of feed based on herbs. The pasture is composed of associations of grasses and legumes, which are grazed for 10-11 months per year. Pastures are on average kept for 7-9 years. Following one or two stubble treatments with a toothed Canadian type cultivator, plowing to a depth of 15-20 cm deep is made to incorporate crop residues and to avoid that less fertile soil comes to the surface.
Maize is planted in May and two to three mechanical weedings are done with harrow, rotary hoe and hoe. The maize harvest takes place in early October to free the land just in time for the sowing of cereals with or without protein crop. The rotation ends with the establishment of grassland after the harvest of cereals in July-August. On the plots that are more distant from farms, grasslands are kept for shorter periods (3-4 years). Livestock is fed from the farm and very little food is brought in from outside (wheat bran). Winter feeding is balanced with maize and grass harvested before and stored as dried fodder (alfalfa, red clover). The advantage of the system is its simplicity for feed, and the outstanding work organization allows everyone to take several weeks per year off.
Characteristic soils and soil quality monitoring practice
The majority of the soils in the region are deep silty clay loams. In the north-east corner of the map, the Pertre forest dominates the surroundings with an elevation of 131 m. This forest is located on leucogranites. Anticlinals and synclinals of Brioverian age are also present on the study farm. The Paleozoic and Brioverian rocks are structured in straight folds that were opened during NS shortening of the Hercynian orogeny, associated with a generalized shear of central Brittany between two adjacent steps (North and South Armorican faults). A final event is responsible for the reactivation of the discordance and for the overlap on the southern flank of the Pertre granites. Magmatism is represented by the Pertre Massif, which is leucogranitic with concentric structure, and which was intrusive in the Brioverian rocks, causing metamorphism of these. This massif dates to the Upper Devonian. Its formation was accompanied or followed by acid and basic subvolcanic episodes arranged in vein fields (field Visseiche, dome Louvigné de Bais) intersecting the Brioverian of the region as well as the Pertre Massif. Metamorphism that has in places been detected in Brioverian rocks indicates that other non-outcropping plutonic masses exist at relatively shallow depths. Only the Seiche and its main tributary, the Quincampoix developed alluvial systems from which currently there remain only a few scattered fragments and terraces corresponding to incision of rivers during the Pleistocene. In the Atlantic period the colluvial slopes were formed as well as the valley bottoms and peat.
Farming practices and intensive cultivation of crops have led to a deterioration of soil quality especially with the accumulation of certain minerals such as phosphorus, nitrate leakage and reduction of structural stability due to the absence of grasslands in many rotations (maize / grain). Rivers in the region have quality problems either because of nitrate or because of pesticides. Governments and Europe encourage changes in practices by funding research activities or development aimed at improving their environmental impact. Many actions are conducted on watersheds such as that of the Haute Vilaine which directly concerns the Gaec de la Branchette. They participate in the transfer of technical alternatives to conventional farmers. The Grenelle Environment and the Bio Ambition Plan aim to accelerate the development of organic agriculture. In 2012, 1800 farmers in Brittany produced organically; this is 5% of all producers. A quarter of the producers is located in Ille et Vilaine, which means 1 organic farmer for every two traditional farmers in the department.
Previous research and innovation actions on soil improvement and monitoring
Many activities have been undertaken to slow down the soil degradation. Brittany and the Department Ille et Vilaine are included in a number of these studies.
- Work on simplified cultivation techniques (Chambers of Agriculture of Brittany - Association BASE)
- Improved performance tools for spreading organic fertilizers, pesticides, (Experimental Station Cormiers, Chamber of Agriculture Britain)
- Study on soil compaction (Experimental Station Cormiers, Chamber of Agriculture Britain)
- National Survey MRQS on measuring soil quality for 28 years (108 measurement points in Brittany, including in Ille de Vilaine one in an organic farm very close to the study site) Pilot: Info Sol INRA Orléans (45)
- Repository soils Brittany Agrocampus Rennes (35)
- Actions in the Haute Vilaine Watershed: Water Board of Vilaine Amont à Vitré(35)
- Monitoring of phosphorus, nitrates, pesticides
Developed tools within Agrotransfert (INRA and Chambers of Agriculture)
- Tool-Territeau to visualise water flow. Regional Chamber of Agriculture of Brittany
- EDEN-Tool to assess the flow of pollutants to various environmental compartments. Agricultural Brittany Regional Chamber System based on the analysis of life cycles and tested on the farm de la Branchette
- Monitoring a network-cultures in organic farming in Britain: Regional Chamber of Agriculture Bio Britain Britain and Initiatives
- European Green Dairy program on the impact of agricultural practices on the environment (10 farms involved in Brittany): Chambers of Agriculture of Brittany - Livestock Institut
3. Participation of stakeholders in the iSQAPER research programme
The local stakeholders listed in Table 1 were involved throughout the duration of iSQAPER in a number of research tasks including: providing experimental sites for the soil quality assessment and agricultural management practice evaluation; testing and evaluating SQAPP; attending demonstration workshops; and providing venues for and hosting the field visits for an iSQAPER plenary meeting.
Table 1: Local stakeholders involved in the iSQAPER research programme
Stakeholder type | Locations | Institution | Number and gender M/F | Role |
Farmers, land managers | Ille et Vilaine and Mayenne | Farm | 15 Males 5 Females | Landowner Landworker Land renter |
Advisors | Ille et Vilaine Farming | Company of advice and expertise (Eilyps) | 2 Females | Give advice to land workers |
Policy-makers | Argentré Du Plessis | City mayor | 1 Male | Land and water management plan |
Researchers | European Union + China | iSQAPER Project | Researcher |
4. Research tasks
Soil quality assessment and agricultural management practice evaluation
Based on WOCAT database (www.wocat.net), iSQAPER selected 18 promising agricultural management practices (AMPs) with potential to improve soil quality (»Agricultural management practices in the iSQAPER study sites). Four examples of these AMPs were identified in the GAEC de la Branchette study site that conformed to the following criteria:
- the promising management practice has been implemented for at least 3 years;
- at least 2 different soil types are represented; and
- at least in 2 different first level Farming Systems (arable, permanent, grazing) are represented.
For each AMP plot, nearby control plots were also identified where the practice has not changed.
Table 2: AMPs identified in the GAEC de la Branchette study site. Climatic region: Atlantic
Plot number | Farming system | Farming system detail | Soil type | AMP general description | AMP number* |
2.1 | Arable | Non irrigated arable land - Cereals | Anthrosols | Min-till, Conventional farm, Cereal rotation | 2 |
2.2 | Arable | Non irrigated arable land - Cereals | Anthrosols | Min-till, Conventional farm, Cereal rotation | 2 |
2.3 | Arable | Intensive Pasture | Anthrosols | Crop rotation / Control or change of species composition | 9 |
2.4 | Arable | Non irrigated arable land - Cereals | Anthrosols | Leguminous crop | 5 |
2.5 | Arable | Permanent pasture | Cambisol | Pasturage for cows | 3 |
2.6 | Arable | Temporary Pasture | Cambisol | Pasturage for cows | 3 |
2.7 | Arable | Pharmacy pasture | Cambisol | Pasturage for cows | 4 |
2.8 | Arable | Normal Pasture | Cambisol | Pasturage for cows | 4 |
*Note: see »Assessing effect of management practices on soil quality - experimental framework for the full list and descriptions of the 18 promising agricultural management practices.
A first field campaign was conducted in 2016 to evaluate the soil quality in each of the paired AMP-control plots, using visual soil assessment methods (»Visual soil and plant quality assesment). The results from this and all the other study sites were combined to determine which AMPs can be shown to have a proven positive effect on soil quality, see »Assessing effect of management practices on soil quality - experimental results.
Those practices that are innovative for France were also described and added to the WOCAT database.
- »Non Labour [France]
- »Rotation des cultures [France]
- »Pâturage amélioré par du Ray-grass et Trèfle Blanc [France]
- »Les prairies pharmacies [France]
- »Les Betteraves dans l'alimentation du bétail [France]
The soil assessment campaign was repeated in 2018 on the two paired plots highlighted in green in Table 2 (2.2: Min-till and 2.3: Crop rotation / Control or change of species composition) with laboratory-based measurements added to the visual soil assessments. The aim was to investigate
- how measurements of soil quality parameters obtained from the visual assessments compared to those obtained from laboratory measurements;
- if different AMPs affected different soil quality parameters in different ways;
- and what impact the AMPs had on the principal soil threats.
For details of the assessment analysis methods and the results from this and all study sites see »Impact of promising agricultural management practices.
As a result of this extended analysis, the example of crop rotation/control or change of species composition on permanent pasture that was exemplified in Plot 2.3 was finally selected to demonstrate the positive impact management practice can have on soil quality (see »Demonstration events in the study sites).
Soil properties
Soil threats
Under this practice a lower quality of soil structure and moderate degree of clod development is observed. However subsoil compaction, the threat the practice is designed to address, is reduced.
SQAPP development, testing and evaluation
Of the 90 stakeholders who took part in the evaluation of the beta version of SQAPP, 6 were from the GAEC de la Branchette study site. Participants were asked a series of questions relating to their expectations of SQAPP and the relevance of the soil parameters included in SQAPP, the assessment of soil threats and the suitability of the app's recommendations to their local context. The feedback and comments were combined with those from the other study sites and used in the further development of SQAPP. For details of the responses from all study sites see »Stakeholder feedback and SQAPP development.
Demonstration workshops
On 26 September 2019 a demonstration event was organised in the GAEC de la Branchette study site to present the major findings of iSQAPER to stakeholders and to demonstrate permanent pasture as a management practice of proven benefit to soil quality.
The results from this demonstration event and those held in the other study sites are summarised in »Demonstration events in the study sites.
4. Long-term impact of iSQAPER's research programme in the study site
Taking account discussions with the stakeholders and feedback from the various research tasks and events in which they took part, it is anticipated that the iSQAPER research programme could have a lasting legacy in the GAEC de la Branchette study site as indicated in Table 3.
Table 3: Activities in which iSQAPER's research programme could potentially have a lasting impact in the GAEC de la Branchette study site
Activity | Impact level: 0 - no impact, 1 - barely noticeable to 5 - important visible impact | |||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Research results influencing farming practice | x | |||||
Uptake of recommended AMPs | x | |||||
Regular use of SQAPP | x | |||||
Development of new or enhancement of existing stakeholder networks | x | |||||
The involvement of new stakeholder types in existing networks | x |